About > Homework Help > Inventors
    an About site    
 Inventors
   
Your Guide    
> Free Credit Report
> Auctions
> Free Psychics
> Free Web Site

   
     with Mary Bellis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites    
WIDTH="1"
Search   WIDTH="1"
  
 Home · Articles · Forums · Chat · Newsletter
             
Subjects
Famous Inventions
Famous Inventors
Black Inventors
Canadian Inventors
Chinese Inventors
Women Inventors

Inventing 101
Invention Funding
Marketing Ideas
Avoiding Scams
Events/Conventions
Inventor Magazines
Organizations
Inventor Services
Copyrights
Patents
Patent Searches
Trademarks

Lesson Plans
Young Inventors

Ask An Expert
Brain Candy
Robotics & Robots
Science Clip Art
Wacky Patents
Today In History
Weird Museums

Subject Library 

All articles on this topic
Related Sites
from About
· 20th Century History
· American History
· Chemistry
· Entrepreneurs
· Physics
· Small Business Information
spacer
About Also Recommends
·  Apply to become
a partner
for this site.
 
 
Stay up-to-date!
Subscribe to our newsletter.

Want a free web site?
It's easy with new About SiteBuilder!
Get your site now


 
Inventors Of The Modern Computer
Intel 1103
The World's First Available DRAM Chip

compter inventionsIn 1970, the newly formed Intel company publicly released the 1103, the first DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) chip (1K bit PMOS dynamic RAM ICs), and by 1972 it was the best selling semiconductor memory chip in the world, defeating magnetic core type memory (Williams Tube - in steady use for computer memory since 1947). The first commercially available computer using the 1103 was the HP 9800 series.

compter inventionsDr. Robert H. Dennard, a Fellow at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center created the one-transistor DRAM in 1966. Dennard and his team were working on early field-effect transistors and integrated circuits, and his attention to memory chips came from seeing another team's research with thin-flim magnetic memory. Dennard claims he went home and within a few hours had gotten the basic ideas for the creation of DRAM. He worked on his ideas for a simpler memory cell that used only a single transistor and a small capacitor. IBM and Dennard were granted a patent for DRAM in 1968.

compter inventionsRAM stands for random access memory, memory that can be accessed or written to randomly -- any byte or piece of memory can be used without accessing the other bytes or pieces of memory. There were two basic types of RAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM). DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster. Both types of RAM are volatile -- they lose their contents when the power is turned off. In 1970, Fairchild Corporation invented the first 256-k SRAM chip. Recently, several new types of RAM chips have been designed.

compter inventionsMore information on the history of RAM and inventor Robert Dennard.
 

compter inventionsJohn Reed, now head of The Reed Company, was part of the Intel 1103 team. He has offered the following remarks on the development of the Intel 1103, which he was kind enough to submit to "Inventors". 

The "invention?" In those days, Intel, (nor few others for that matter), was not focusing on getting patents or achieving "inventions" so much as they were desperate to get new products to market and begin reaping the profits. But let me tell you how the i1103 was born and raised: 

In approximately. 1969, William Regitz of Honeywell canvassed the semiconductor companies of the U.S. looking for someone to share in the development of a dynamic memory circuit based on a novel 3-transistor cell which he (or one of his co-workers) had invented. I won't elaborate, but this cell was a "1X, 2Y" type cell laid out with a "butted" contact for connecting the pass transistor drain to the gate of the cell's current switch. 

Regitz talked to many companies, but Intel got really excited about the possibilities here and decided to go ahead with a development program. Moreover, whereas Regitz had originally been proposing a 512-bit chip, Intel decided that 1,024 bits would be feasible, and so the program began. Joel Karp of Intel was the circuit designer, and he worked closely with Regitz throughout the program. It culminated in actual working units, and a paper was given on this device, the i1102, at the 1970 ISSCC conference in Philadelphia. 

Intel learned several lessons from the i1102, namely:

  1. DRAM cells needed substrate bias. This spawned the 18 pin DIP package.
  2. The "butting" contact was a tough technological problem to solve, and yields were low.
  3. The "IVG" multi-level cell strobe signal made necessary by the "1X, 2Y" cell circuitry caused the devices to have very small operating margins.
Though they continued to develop the i1102, there was a need to look at other cell techniques. Ted Hoff had proposed all possible ways of wiring up 3 transistors in a DRAM cell earlier, and at this time somebody took a closer look at the "2X, 2Y" cell, I think it may have been Karp and/or Leslie Vadasz. (I hadn't come to Intel yet) The idea of using a "buried contact" was applied (probably by Tom Rowe, process guru), and this cell became more and more attractive, since it could potentially do away with both the butting contact issue and the aforementioned multi-level signal requirement and yield a smaller cell to boot! 

So Vadasz and Karp sketched out a schematic of an i1102 alternative (on the sly, since this wasn't exactly a popular decision with Honeywell), and assigned the job of designing the chip to Bob Abbott sometime before I came on the scene in June 1970. He initiated the design and had it laid out. I took over the project after initial "200X" masks had been shot from the original mylar layouts, and it was my job to evolve the product from there which was no small task in itself. 

Well, it's hard to make a long story short, but the first silicon chips of the i1103 were practically non-functional, until it was discovered that the overlap between the "PRECH" clock and the "CENABLE" clock, the famous "Tov" parameter, was VERY critical due to our lack of understanding of internal cell dynamics. This was a discovery made by test engineer George Staudacher. Nevertheless, understanding this weakness, I characterized the devices on hand, and we drew up a data sheet. Because of the low yields we were seeing,due to the "Tov" problem, Vadasz and I recommended to Intel management that the product wasn't ready for market, but Bob Graham, then Intel Marketing V.P., thought otherwise and pushed for an early introduction, over our dead bodies so to speak. The Intel i1103 "came to market" in October of 1970. 

After the product introduction, demand was strong, and it was my job to evolve the design for better yield. I did this in stages, making improvements at every new mask generation until the "E" revision of the masks, at which point, the i1103 was yielding well and performing well. This early work of mine established a couple of things:

  1. Based on my analysis of 4 runs of devices, the refresh time was set at 2 milliseconds. Binary multiples of that initial characterization are still the standard to this day.
  2. I was probably the first designer to use Si-gate transistors as bootstrap capacitors; my evolving mask sets had several of these to improve performance and margins.
And that's about all I can say about the Intel 1103's "invention." I will say that "getting inventions" was just not a value amongst us circuit designers of those days. I am personally named on 14 memory-related patents, but in those days, I'm sure I invented many more techniques in the course of getting a circuit developed and out to market without stopping to make any disclosures. That Intel itself wasn't concerned about patents until "too late" is evidence, in my own case, by the 4 or 5 patents I was awarded, applied for and assigned to 2 years after I left the company at the end of 1971! (Look at one of them, and you'll see me listed as an Intel employee!)
         - John Reed
Inventors Of The Modern Computer
Table Of Contents
 Next Chapter
Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004
ENTER
all artwork ©MaryBellis

Previous Features
General Invention/Inventor Index
Subscribe to the Inventors Newsletter
Name
Email




Email this page!

Sponsored Links
Free Patent Information
Litman Law is in Arlington Virginia near the Patent Office. Serving lawyers, businesses & innovators worldwide. Searches/applications. Call Toll-Free. Free Patent Attorney consultation/info.
http://www.litmanlaw.com/   (Cost to Advertiser: $0.30)
Business attorneys in Dallas, TX, Leon and Hosmer
Need business lawyers in Dallas, Texas? We offer litigation and transactional services in business, intellectual property, real estate and probate / wills.
http://www.leonhosmer.com/   (Cost to Advertiser: $0.17)
Invent Or Improve A Product?
We offer a free invention assessment. We also offer patent searches, applications and industry presentation for licensing.
http://www.franklinforge.com/   (Cost to Advertiser: $0.14)
Inventions Illustrated by Compudraft
Patent Drafting and Trademark Illustration Service for Patent Attorneys, Patent Agents and Inventors.
http://www.comp-u-draft.com/   (Cost to Advertiser: $0.12)
Compudraft Patent Drafting Services
Patent Drafting and Trademark Illustration Service for Patent Attorneys, Patent Agents and Inventors.
http://www.patentillustrating.com/   (Cost to Advertiser: $0.11)
 Buy a Link Now!



 Advertising



 

                   

spacer
Important Disclaimer Information about this About site. 
spacer



 
WIDTH="154" HEIGHT="1"
   Search   
Explore More on the About Network!
WIDTH="154" HEIGHT="1"
 
About Us | Advertise on This Site | User Agreement | Privacy Policy | Kids' Privacy Policy | Help
Copyright  © 2001 About.com, Inc. About and About.com are registered trademarks of About.com, Inc. The About logo is a trademark of About.com, Inc. All rights reserved.